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他不但在 1978 年改善了中日关系,成为第一个访问日本的中国领导,而且
支持推动文化交流以全面加强两国关系。他实现了中美关系正常化,通过成功访美加强了中美关系。他开放了与南韩的
贸易,为他南巡后不久两国建交铺平了道路。他最大的成就之一是,在经过 30 年的紧张关系之后,于 1989 年同苏联
恢复了正常交往。总之,他改善了中国与每一个重要国家的关系。
1974 年,作为第一位在联合国大会发言的中国领导人,邓小平说,中国绝不称霸,如果中国压迫和剥削其他国
家,全世界枣尤其是发展中国家,可以把中国视为「社会帝国主义」,与中国人民一道推翻它的政府。1991 年 8 月,
听到苏联领导人亚纳耶夫(Gennady Yanayev)对戈巴卓夫发动政变的消息后,王震给党中央发电报,提出中国应当
表示支持亚纳耶夫的政变,邓小平回答说:「韬光养晦,绝不当头,有所作为。」[24-14]在邓小平看来,中国不应插手其
他国家的内部事务。
在邓小平之后的年代,由于中国变得更加强大,中国的一些安全专家就像他们的美国一些同行一样,开始争论中
国在强大之后应当继续韬光养晦,还是采取更强硬的立场。从 2010 到 2011 年,经过几个月的争论枣其中一些中国
领导人主张更多采取攻势,这场讨论以赞成中国继续与各国保持和谐友好的关系而收场。人们无法预见中国未来的领导
人将如何回答这个问题,但是假如邓小平还活着,他一定会说:中国绝不应当称霸,绝不干涉别国内部事务,应当与各
国保持和睦关系,集中精力搞好国内的和平发展。
[24-1]John K. Fairbank, ed., The Chinese World Order: Traditional China's Foreign
Relations (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1968); Thomas J. Barfield, Perilous Frontier:
Nomadic Empires and China (Cambridge, Eng.: Basil Blackwell, 1989); Paul Cohen, China
Unbound: Evolving Perspectives on the Chinese Past (New York: Rout-ledge Curzon, 2003).
[24-2]转引自 E. Backhouse and J. O. P. Bland, Annals & Memoirs of the Court of Peking
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1914).
[24-3]Linda Jacobson and Dean Knox, "New Foreign Policy Actors in China," SIPRI
(Stockholm International Peace Research Institute) Policy Paper no. 26 (September 2010), p.
22.
[24-4]关于国际贸易体系,请参见 Edward S. Steinfeld, Playing Our Game: Why China's Rise
Doesn't Threaten the West (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010)
[24-5]有关中共的一般着作,见 Richard McGregor, The Party: The Secret World of China's
Communist Rulers (New York: HarperCollins, 2010); Yongnian Zheng, The Chinese
Communist Party as Organizational Emperor (London and New York: Routledge, 2010).
[24-6]参见 G. William Skinner, "Marketing and Social Structure in Rural China," parts 1,
2, and 3, Journal of Asian Studies 24, no. 1 (November 1964): 3-44; 24, no. 2 (February
1965): 195-228; 24, no. 3 (May 1965): 363-399.
[24-7]关于将城市的先进物质带到乡村,可以参考 Rachel Murphy, How Migrant Labor Is
Changing Rural China (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002), and Leslie T. Chang,
Factory Girls: From Village to City in a Changing China (New York: Spiegel and Grau, 2008).
[24-8]有关的法律着作见 Stanley B. Lubman, Bird in a Cage: Legal Reform in China after
Mao (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1999); Randall Peerenboom, China's Long
March toward Rule of Law (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002); Jianfu Chen,
Chinese Law: Context and Transformation (Boston: Martinus Nijhoff, 2008).
[24-9]Anita Chan, China's Workers under Assault: The Exploitation of Labor in a
Globalizing Economy (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 2001); Chang, Factory Girls.
[24-10]Ezra F. Vogel, One Step Ahead in China: Guangdong under Reform (Cambridge:
Harvard University Press, 1989). 有关在中国外企工厂曝光的超时用工现象,见 Chan, China's
Workers under Assault.
[24-11]Martin King Whyte, Small Groups and Political Rituals in China (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1974); Gail E. Henderson and Myron S. Cohen, The Chinese
Hospital: A Socialist Work Unit (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1984); Andrew G. Walder,
Communist Neo-Traditionalism: Work and Authority in Chinese Industry (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 1986).
[24-12]Deborah S. Davis, The Consumer Revolution in Urban China (Berkeley:
University of California Press, 2000); Scott Rozelle and Jikun Huang, "The Marketization of
Rural China: Gain or Pain for China's Two Hundred Million Farm Families?"
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